Make Room for Nature in Your Stories

"Confront nature!" is the slogan of a society in a story I'm writing. I found myself wondering how often what I read, especially unpublished manuscripts, occurs only in the built world. Characters often seem to be imprisoned in offices, restaurants, classrooms, and their own homes. Plays and older sitcoms had a reason for this. Bringing the outdoors to audiences for each could be tricky and expensive. Nature can be unpredictable.

We, as writers, aren't under house arrest in any medium anymore. And, while not every story calls for birds singing or gardens or bike trails, it's important to keep natural settings in mind — even if you're not writing about getting lost in the jungle or climate fiction (cli-fi), where rising oceans threaten Miami.

In The Birds, Hitchcock pulls back from disaster to show how small people are. It provides us with a powerful perspective and a reminder that people need not be at the center of everything. Also, that we are vulnerable. Using nature, even just with reference to weather, leads to a deeper and fuller engagement of the senses. The first snowfall chills the air, taps the crisp leaves, and blankets everything with white. Category five storms aren't needed to get our attention and immerse us in the moments of stories.

Nobel laureate Richard Feynman wrote about how observation of nature was essential to his development as a keen observer. He said his father did not do what other fathers did — name the birds and plants and flowers. Instead, he encouraged his son to see actions, and changes, and behaviors. Though precise language has a value for writers, my noting how woodpeckers chase away other birds to snag peanuts or chickadees deftly keep themselves away from larger birds by quickly grabbing snacks or male cardinals bring seeds to their mates and feed them is more interesting than listing the names of birds that visit my feeder.

Da Vinci used nature as a source of answers. Of course, many of us relax by hiking or gardening and allowing our minds to subconsciously work through problems as we do so. But da Vinci actually looked for answers about flight by observing birds and about anatomy by watching animals and people move. He certainly emulated nature in terms of directly copying aspects for components of his devices. But he also looked for balance and contrasts and flow, and those found their ways into his paintings. The Mona Lisa is surrounded by nature, suggesting her life in a larger context.

With all due respect to William Faulkner — who famously said, “The only thing worth writing about is the human heart in conflict with itself” — the world we live in, the planet we need to protect, and the web of life that nurtures us are much larger than his vital theme.

If you can escape from the building–car–building paradigm for story locales and include scenes that take place outdoors, even in an urban pocket park (as long as it's big enough for animals), your story will be bigger and more emotional. And, if such scenes include a quiet embrace of nature, they may even evoke wonder.

Courageous Writing - Eight ways to get out of your comfort zone

The new things, the interesting things, the surprising things all wait for us just past the familiar and safe. The only path to fresh knowledge and understanding is on the other side of what’s expected and accepted.

But it’s a lot easier to fall back on cliches. Language is rich in similes and metaphors that get a head nod, but never touch our hearts. The same for all the characters (some offensively stereotypical) who have popped up in stories with no effort at reimagining. Throw in (or better throw out) all the car chases, first kisses, explosions, and pies in the face that could have been grabbed from 100 other stories and substituted in without calling attention to themselves.

Besides, the price the writer pays for cliches is low, and short cuts can be very tempting to writers who are discouraged, lost, or under pressure.

Resolve to pay the price. Don’t ruin your stories because you lack the commitment or courage to make them your own. Reach beyond exhaustion and fear and discomfort to create something wonderful.

How?

Write what you don’t want anyone else to read. - Some of the most disturbing stuff we have access to is deep within ourselves. If you don’t want to share it, it will take courage to do so. But it will probably provide fodder for a story that has more to offer. Many writers who journal have access to lots of thoughts and experiences that fit here. If you don’t my 50 Rude Questions post might prompt answers that fit this category. Especially if you are good at follow-up questions.

Set high standards. - I tend to alternate between classics and contemporary works when I read. This helps me to recognize quality writing. Not surprisingly, much of the impact of fine stories comes from making insights and deep truths clear and emotionally resonant. It is not unusual for me to read such work and to conclude the author had (or has) courage that is rare. (They certainly cover issues that would take me out of my own comfort zone.) Such examples both become references (did I go far enough?) and models for my own work.

Know what you avoid. - This may be the most difficult. Dodging truth can become a habit. Facing truth can be painful. Armor can get so comfortable, you forget you’re wearing it. Reading the work of others critically, imagining scenes pursued further, can help create questions and checklists to analyze your own work. I’ve actually found that I am more alert to dodging when I read the work of peers, so I collect questions and comments aimed at helping them bring more meaning to their works, and I bring those to my own drafts.

Write until you get an aha. -  My usual practice is to get three to five beats per scene. Since I’m looking for conflict in the scene and a shift in power for each beat, this often pushes one of the characters into something unexpected. I call those surprises ahas, and they frequently take me into subjects that challenge me be being taboo or beyond what I assess to be my normal skill set. But sometimes the scene has no ahas and nothing very courageous. So… I may continue writing the scene. Often I do this in revision, keeping the tension high and making the characters more demanding until one of them blurts something out.

Go there. - Sometimes, you stumble upon a possibility that is absurd, unbelievable, naughty, uncouth, or politically incorrect. These are easy to dismiss. Blink and they’re gone. Don’t blink. Don’t give yourself reasons not to explore them. Don’t put off the journey. Jump in, make mistakes, scramble, respond — to these gifts from your muse — with full commitment and no holds barred. You may end up with useless pages. You may end up with something special. You’ll always finish your writing session with more power and capability as a writer.

Give the story its dignity. - Important subjects find their ways into stories. These can touch on the issues of the day, on critical life decisions, on tragic mistakes, and life-changing experiences. Never trivialize them (what Gardner calls the sin of frigidity). Traumas that have wounded fellow humans deserve time, space, thought, perspective and emotion. They should not be mentioned as a way to justify a character’s behavior. They must be more than plot devices. Do them justice. It is likely to lead to challenging, difficult work and, perhaps, memorable scenes. But taking care of these elements also shows respect for those who suffer misfortunes.

Take a stand. - If you’re a people pleaser, this is tough. Creating conflict and inviting arguments probably are not your thing, so there’s a tendency to always add, “on the other hand.” This is the rhetorical version of adding junk words (somewhat, nearly, about). Limiters don’t add clarity, they just hide strong words. Not taking a position hides strong, well-argued opinions. Sadly, readers react to evenhandedness with “meh.” But a clear statement that is backed up, is apt to be found engaging and received with respect, even by those who disagree.

Write in a different voice. - This is my fall back position. It never fails me. I have a collection of very different writers whom I respect, and I can step right into their styles and perspectives and take no issues that terrify and dismay me. If you can do this, it’s provides something marvelous in terms of getting past your inner censors to dig into subjects that are difficult. (After all, it’s not YOU writing it.)

It’s fine to wait until a draft is done to make it fresh. There is value to be found in inserting placeholders to maintain momentum all the way to “the end.”

I believe in stage fright. I believe in wincing. Getting too close. Being so emotional, it’s frightening. The minimum for any scene I write is that I get so jumpy writing it that I have to abandon the keyboard and walk around. Tears and laughter are better, but if I don’t a least have a moment where I’m overwhelmed, the pages need revision or deletion.

There must be danger.

How to Lose Readers (or Audience) - How not to

You can offend, disgust, anger, or appall readers, and, often, readers keep reading. What you can’t do is bore them. Thus the sage who made me a writer in high school said. It’s true. But boredom comes in many forms and it isn’t the same for everyone.

Audience - The main reason writers drive people away is because they see communication as one way. That’s how it can feel when you’re cleaning out adverbs at one in the morning, but who are you sprucing up your prose for? Someone who will appreciate the poetry of your words? Someone who wants a window into the world you’ve created? Someone who empathizes with your character’s struggles?

Probably yes. But who is this mythical someone? Not a mob. Not “young adults.” Not “people who like romances.” Vonnegut recommended writing to a specific person. (He always wrote to his sister.) The value of that is having a sense of who might care about the story you’re writing, worry about your characters, and bring the knowledge and perspective to understand and be interested in the world you’re creating. “Everyone” won’t. And writing for yourself may be fun and save you the work of learning about readers, but it can be limiting. Were you ever at a gathering where someone talked at you, with no interest in who you were? That’s practically the definition of a boring experience.

Anticipation matters. Expectation matters. Surprise matters. How can you use these in your story to engage readers, if you don’t know these people?

The audience also tells you the level. Vocabulary for a young adult novel may need to be simpler than what you put in an adult literary work. Explanations may need to do the job without talking down to readers. (Same with repetition.) Humor is especially dependent on audience. “Too smart for the room” is a well-known experience for standup comics. A joke for which the audience does not have context falls flat. Similarly, “too soon?” is often tagged on jokes that cause people to squirm because other emotions (grief) may block out the humor.

Clarity - This is so hard to get right because you know exactly what you’re trying to say. You abridge and edit because describing everything is both impossible and tedious. Good writing means selecting what to describe, reflect on, or illustrate and requires taste and judgment. Unfortunately, leaving things out means making assumptions about what people know (was something critical missed?). Words can literally mean more than one thing, but also may be read more than one way (depending on emphasis). And, if the vocabulary (or syntax) isn’t quite working, the best ideas can be reduced to gibberish.

What do readers do when prose is impenetrable or incoherent? They stop reading. Heinlein said his best training as a writer was a Naval Academy lesson on writing orders. If anyone in the class could come up with an alternate meaning, you failed that day. So the first step is becoming alert to possible misunderstandings. My best training has been reading a lot of other people’s manuscripts. Finding their errors builds sensitivity to how things can go wrong. Beta readers, editors, and even reading out loud can help with this, too. I found fiction podcast writing (radio theater) especially challenging with regard to clarity. People can’t reread audio. They hear, misinterpret, and it’s on to the next thing. With the help of another writer, I ended up creating a clarity test that I still use for every fiction podcast scene I write.

Confusion - Even if the words are right, there can still be confusion. The most common sin here is describing action that doesn’t flow in the right order. It’s amazingly easy to do. My training on that was writing detailed sequences for producing over 100 biochemical products. Write enough of those to be used by people for whom English is not a second language, and the skills are set. But the simple way to solve this is to be aware it can happen. Visualizing each step isn’t difficult, but many writers skip the test. Don’t.

There are other ways that people can get confused: Too many characters. Too many with similar names. Too many that are too similar. Too many who talk the same way (especially when attribution is missing).

Transitions are easy to fumble. Time and place need to be established because WHEN thing happen matters and a location that hasn’t been established puts the scene into a void in which no one can be immersed. And readers want to be within the story, not just spectators.

Who is in the room also comes under this. Anytime a character I don’t know is there suddenly speaks up, I’m tossed out of a story. (How was that character reacting earlier in the scene?)

Indelibility - Anything that’s vital to understanding a story needs to be memorable. This does not mean that every clue in a mystery needs to be underlined and boldfaced, but it should be interesting in some way. Surprising but apparently unimportant works. So does amusing. Humor is a great way to make vital details memorable without distorting the story.

Many times, places, characters, and actions come with emotional content or are emphasized by time devoted to them. Choices usually stand out by virtue of identification with the protagonist. But, no matter how naturally elements are unforgettable, I’ve seen writers make them disappear by (unintentionally) creating distractions. I’ve read different interpretations of “murder your darlings” (usually attributed o Faulkner, but I find on checking it’s from Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch). I think of it as removing those bits of fact or fine prose or side trips that, not being necessary, distract. While a careful plant delights, hiding elements of a story only gets readers lost. They usually don’t forgive that.

Handholds - People like to participate. That’s one reason why empathic characters are good to have in a story. People live through their experience. But questions also provide ways to participate. I suspect few people read mysteries without wondering who the murder is or which clues matter. And though it’s expected that love will triumph in a romance, worry about the relationship (because of failures, wrong turns, and dark moments) invest readers in the story. In classic science fiction the premise will get readers wondering about all the “what if?” possibilities.

Fair play - Deus ex machina, since Aristotle’s days (and probably before) has been the mortal sin of storytelling. Having a savior of some sort sweep in with no preparation and solve all the problems both infantilizes the protagonist and makes all the choices and actions that proceeded it irrelevant. In mysteries, an unmotivated confession can kill a story. Odd coincidences and hidden relationships (that matter to the story) can be deadly. Foreshadowing is expected and needed. To me, the biggest strike against opera (love the music, hate the stories) is its offenses against story logic. Readers do not forgive cheating.

There are writers (especially humorists) who violate all of the above and still hold readers. That’s because they actively keep readers engaged. B movies could be train wrecks storytelling that enticed people with appealing stars, violence, cool monsters, broken taboos, clever camera play, and pyrotechnics. Philip K. Dick balanced out cardboard characters and flawed prose with brilliant concepts. Page-turning beach reads cover plot holes with dazzle. Writers can keep readers without avoiding things that drive them away. But they probably would please more readers by avoiding the problems detailed above.

Drawing Lines, Crossing Lines - Moments that expose characters

We are defined by our limits and redefined when those limits dissolve. The same is true for the world we inhabit — as anyone who has had to baby-proof a house after the little ones learn to walk (or gets taller or climbs) knows.

Limits are often presented in positive terms: law-abiding, honorable, loyal, trustworthy, dependable.
Those who erase conventional lines may be called criminal, cowardly, cheating, lying, shiftless.

I find our attachment of values to these words fascinating (though, being more of a boy scout than an anti-hero, I tend to favor a relatively rigid set of principles). And a challenge.

“Make good trouble” (John Lewis) unsettles me. As a citizen and a human being, I worry about my reaction, but, as a writer I welcome it. I depend upon my work (and art and relationships) to push me out of my comfort zone — past my limits — so my mind opens up to truth. My primary tool for doing this is humility. That’s not self-abasement. That’s recognizing the world is not black and white (which would make it easier to navigate). It’s full of grays. Ambiguities. Competing values. That undermine assumptions and force me to recognize my limits.

Part of character development is coming to understand what matters to them and what doesn’t. In The Godfather, to Michael — and most of the other characters — family means everything. There are also rules that the powerful accept and can reasonably expect others to adhere to. Favors matter and are repaid. There is a process for making a hit that considers witnesses and how they might react. Stick to it and you’ll be safer. Making gravy for the pasta may have less strict limits, but you’d never make it without garlic.

When Michael crosses some lines — lying to his wife, having his brother murdered — it shows a great deal about who he is and how he has changed.

For a storyteller, rules are made to be broken. At the beginning of Casablanca, Rick defines himself:
What’s your nationality? Rick: I’m a drunkard.
Will I see you tonight? Rick: I never make plans that far ahead.
… and, most famously, “I stick my neck out for nobody!”

When he sobers up, when he meets the moment, when he plans the escape, and when he abandons everything and risks his life, he has dared to move past his own definitions and assumptions. He successfully moves into a world that is less comfortable, but a better fit for his true self. Crossing the old lines and creating new ones tied to honor and loyalty and responsibility and love make him a memorable hero.

We celebrate when Chief Bromden throws off the protection of his lassitude to hurl the fountain through the window and escape. (One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest)
The moment that commits Luke Skywalker to becoming a Jedi is when he turns off the targeting computer. The boy who first said no to leaving his uncle’s farm becomes a man. And audiences cheer. (Star Wars - A New Hope)
And for me, the sense of relief when Ethan Edwards (John Wayne) tosses aside his firmly held but distorted view of honor, breaks his vow, and welcomes his niece instead of killing her, has not diminished with repeated viewing of that movie. (The Searchers)

Crossing lines and creating lines are strongest when deliberate (a considered choice) and irreversible. (Or, if not irreversible, only reversed at a cost and with contrition.) The lines may be rules (including the law in, say, Huck Finn’s case). It can be escaping an abuser or bad influence. It can be losing religion or joining an army. Or, after struggling with commitment, whispering “I love you.”

Lines can be discovered in writing or planned ahead. They can be found in characters’ self statements, commitments to loved ones, responsibilities to family and friends, assignments accepted, and community expectations that are internalized. The best ones sometimes need to be excavated before they are visible. Since our language itself attaches (often rigid) values to the words associated with lines, it’s very easy to miss the nuances or just accept lines that could be tested as givens. This, to me, is the hardest part.

Looking at the implications, the problems created or solved by lines, how the envelope might be pushed, who is impacted, and, most of all, what the lines (created, held, or crossed) say about a character and change begins with recognizing and articulating the lines and what they mean. Once they are clearly understood, story possibilities become visible. And the fun begins.

Learn About Your Characters Through Their Complaints and Regrets

Many writers have a hard time acknowledging their characters’ dark sides. This can weaken their stories because so much—including character arcs—is built on flaws. When I’m teaching, It takes more than a gentle nudge to move writers toward spotting the imperfections. Usually, total immersion in the Seven Deadly Sins is required.

But here’s a gentler way: get the characters complaining. This is almost too easy for comic characters, But it’s only really difficult for the strong, silent types —the ones you can imagine Clint Eastwood playing. I think it works most times because writers like to complain and don’t feel especially guilty about it. Yes, there are a few Saints out there, but most people would look for opportunities to complain about lousy service at a restaurant. Or aggressive drivers. Or rude neighbors.

Obviously, it can be legitimate, even courageous, to bring notice to injustices or suggest ways systems can be improved or to stand up for people who are being oppressed. But, like gossip, telling a story to add to the toxicity of the world rather than to aid in creating positive change is usually a revealing vice. If the story pays you back because you let off steam or gain sympathy or get a moment of feeling superior, it’s probably just complaining and not done for noble reasons.

I remember my dad once saying, “You know, I’ve been offering critiques of these other drivers for over half my life, and they aren’t getting any better.”

That statement was both hilarious and insightful. Note - I have not personally benefited from that insight.

As a starting point, don’t worry about your characters. See if you can get yourself complaining with a few prompts. You might want to warm up by singing along to Gilbert and Sullivan’s politically incorrect, "I've Got a Little List."  (Warning: Here's an especially rude updated version. Watch at your own risk.)

Okay. You are looking for answers that are stories. Not just, I got root beer itnstead of cola. If there is a conversation or escalating interactions, you’re probably in the right place.

Has everyone taken their blood pressure medicine? Good.

    ▪    What’s the stupidest exchange you’ve had with a bureaucrat? This can be government, insurance, electric company… your choice.
    ▪    Which work (or club) activity was the worst waste of time?
    ▪    When were you appallingly disappointed? It’s likely to be something connected to leisure — seeing a movie, going on a date, joining a friend at his or her favorite dive. Recommendations that lead to bad experiences may be memorable.
    ▪    When were you not properly thanked? When you went out of your way, worked to make something perfect, or sacrificed your own joy and pleasure, only to be met by a shrug or a quibble?
    ▪    When were you not justly rewarded? No raise or bonus or recognition for exceptional work?
    ▪    When were you disproportionally punished or singled out for no reason? Given the lousy task? Stuck with the unpleasant duty or person?
    ▪    When did cruel fate afflict you? When did luck fail you? When was something wonderful missed that would have been possible if someone else had made the slightest effort?

I have a much longer list, but I hope one of these jogged a memory that really mattered. And that you captured the whole experience for analysis.

If you got emotionally involved, that’s good. Something is there. Especially if your suffering was not life changing. The more trivial, the better. Because these are the sorts of things that reveal a dark side, something that may be difficult to admit to. If “honor” is involved, in may be almost impossible.

If it doesn’t seem like your answers offer much, even after some time has passed, start keeping track of your complicated complaints (as above, conversations and multiple interactions). Write them down as if told to a friend who’s willing to put up with your worst whinging. Then give it some time and see if there are lessons about flaws you might have. Chances are better with captured complaints than remembered complaints because these are likely to be easier to see objectively over time. Memories can weave themselves into who you are.

Here’s when things get good. If you can do this for yourself, you can probably take questions like those above and get to the truth with your characters. That offers the possibility of raising the quality of your stories dramatically.

But what about Clint Eastwood? Grunts and single word answers don’t offer much. For these stoic folks, it’s better to pursue regrets than complaints. Regrets often are part of the same cloth, but include a level of accountability. And that ownership and acceptance is why the strong, silent types, flawed though they are, provide some of the best loved heroes.

The Right Story for the Moment

 I grew up on”classic” stories. Dickens and Poe and Wharton and Tolstoy all grappled with human nature and our conflicts. In different ways, for sure, but novels and epic poems and short stories and theater seem, to me, to be timeless when they are done well.

But in the past few years it has come into vogue for editors, agents, producers, and managers, during a pitch, to ask two questions:

Why you?

Why now?

The former question is clearly valuable. Answering it demonstrates passion, reasoning, experience, and credentials.

Why now? is trickier. Especially if you aspire to creating timeless stories, not newspaper articles or blog posts. Still, the question is unavoidable if you want to get past the gate keepers. I have some suggested areas to explore that might be more interesting than ”It’s ripped from the headlines.”

The story exposes an unrecognized need. We are so enmeshed in our own culture, that often what’s needed to make for a better society is hidden. Sometimes voices are not being heard. Perspectives might be unexpected. Conventional wisdom and all the stories may be covering up the real truth. Or scientific understandings might be new, altered, or need popularization.

Technology, power shifts, or new interactions between cultures might open up new opportunities. Microphones made more expressive songs possible because singers could be more intimate. Wealth and education opened up “legitimate” theater and Hollywood to the Irish. The blues and bluegrass found expression in rock and roll. (These could take the form of new capabilities or changes in value. Knowledge can hybridize to create novel pursuits or explorations.)

A story can become timely because the situation has become urgent. Spy stories and television shows like Mission Impossible became a way to understand the Cold War. Some stories prompted needed discussion. Others offered options for exploration. Or helped people get a sense of risks and benefits. Often stories made important by urgency can expand decision-making and add perspectives and do so agains tight deadlines.

Or something may become visible on the horizon. Emerging trends or indications that something significant is coming together in an unexpected way and might deserve the attention of a larger audience. Poets are supposed to be the antennae of the race. ”If this goes on…” has long been a sub genre of science fiction. Population control, automation, the arms race, and many other threats or coming changes were worked out in this context.

On occasion, “why you” and “why now” merge. Someone whose voice is distinct and necessary may retell a traditional story in a way that catches the moment.

And, yes, topical stories are welcome. But I’m suspicious writing to what is blossoming in social media. First, saying something fresh becomes difficult when everyone is talking about the subject. Second, there is a temptation to propagandize and support specific solutions. (I call this tractor theater, comrade.) Third, there is the danger of the work being too shallow. For many issues, especially those that are wrenching for society, ideas need to ferment — often for years. The less disposable answers — the deeper answers — come with time.

Not all of these need to be approached head-on. During the McCarthy era, social stories that would have been banned in the mainstream found their ways into science fiction (as happened with many episodes of The Twilight Zone). Or hidden in historical fiction (like High Noon and Arthur Miller’s The Crucible).

Of course, you don't have to choose just one of the approaches is above. In combination, they may be powerful. That can impress the gate keeper, but more importantly, it can provide guidance in creating a work of lasting value.

Putting Characters at Risk

Most stories include conflict and struggle. The character wants or needs something and faces obstacles and opposition. Classically, there are external challenges, like climbing a mountain or dueling with a villain, and internal challenges rooted in the character’s flaws. Flaws are powerful because they can be exploited by the villain and, In meeting the challenges, the protagonist goes through a character arc —learning to manage the flaw or undergoing growth.

While I would argue that character flaws our essential four showing a character changing for the better—except in tragedies—there are other challenges that can drive a story.

I would categorize disadvantages distinct to the character about which he or her can do nothing as vulnerabilities. While they can grow out of it, children are all vulnerable and need protection. They do not have the strength or knowledge or cognitive skills that adults generally do. While societies often make reasonable accommodations for people with physical limits (hearing impaired, limited mobility, genetic variations like sickle cell anemia and Down’s Syndrome, And debilitating diseases like cancer), there are many instances where this can create vulnerabilities. In one of my favorite movies, Wait Until Dark, the villain takes advantage of the protagonist’s inability to see.

People often get reduced to their worst moments in their lives. A mistake can have repercussions even if it doesn't exemplify a moral lapse or malice. This is one reason why the criminal records of juveniles are sealed. But consider a parent whose child is lost because of a moment of distraction. Or a soldier who mishears a command, leading to disaster. Or someone whose slip of the tongue offends a community. Both just judgments and disproportionate judgments can mark a person and mar a reputation forever. A woman in my neighborhood was backing her car down her driveway and a child in a Big Wheel scooted into her path, and he died. She and her family were, thereafter, known for this. Ultimately, they left town to start life afresh.

A wound can also create challenges that are difficult to overcome. People bitten by dogs often have lifelong phobias. Those were abused can have a variety of debilitating responses. It may be difficult for them to connect with others and establish real trust. They also may have associated triggers that cause them to self-exclude or may be manipulated by others. While some of these may be managed with therapy, deeper wounds may be difficult to heal. Worst of all, some people wounded by others may blame themselves and carry guilt and shame.

Society may disadvantage groups of people at risk through traditions, stereotypes, and systems like law. Think of bigotry or the caste systems that reign in schools. Appearances can make a big difference on whether someone and train a jewelry store is immediately offered assistance or followed by security personnel. I know someone who went to a dentist in what he called ”country clothes” hoping he’d be charged less. As it happened, he was asked to pay in advance for the services. Even something like celebrity can lead to inequalities. Not only do they have little recourse when their privacy is violated, but the legal requirements for proving defamation are more onerous.

Beliefs, including codes we live by and how arguments are framed can also push us into bad choices and actions. Everyone, to some extent, is susceptible to propaganda and hoaxes. Our emotions can be manipulated. Humans have cognitive glitches, Such as confirmation bias, that overwhelm critical thinking and logic. None of us ever has the full picture, And the lack of experience and knowledge can shape what we notice and accept.

These are not character flaws and don’t work very well in terms of individual character arcs. But they can be used for heightening conflict and attention. They can make challenges more difficult. In some stories, like To Kill a Mockingbird, they can present social issues in powerful ways. And all of them can be used by antagonists to make the protagonist more miserable. And writers can take advantage of these to make readers and audiences worry more. In fact, it’s usually easy to make this more acute by increasing the gap between the antagonist and the protagonist. Notch up a villain’s power in terms of influence, knowledge, social standing, wealth, alliances, physical ability, and intelligence, and his or her threat to the main character grows stronger. Which may not be great news for the hero or heroine (or us in real life), but it’s wonderful for the writer.